The higher the PCL composition, the lower the percentage of viable cells and the faster the sample degrades. The unbraided sample had a UTS range of 1.578–4.387 MPa and an elastic modulus range of 8.351–141.901 MPa, respectively, whereas the braided sample had a range of 0.879–1.863 MPa and 2.739–4.746 MPa. The average fiber diameter, as determined by SEM morphology, is between 10 nm. The functional group test revealed no new peaks in any of the samples, and the ester group could be identified in the C-O bond at wave numbers 1300–1100 cm−1 and in the C=O bond at wave numbers 1750–1730 cm−1. Electrospinning was used to fabricate the nanofiber scaffold with the following PLA-PCL compositions: A (100:0), B (85:15), C (80:20), D (70:30), and E (0:100) (wt%). The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of composition variations in polylactic acid (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) used as ACL nanofiber scaffolds on ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and modulus of elasticity, fiber diameter, cytotoxicity level, and degradation level, as well as the PLA-PCL concentration that provides the best value as an ACL scaffold. As a result, biodegradable artificial ligaments must be developed that can withstand mechanical stress during neoligament formation and stabilize the ACL. Anterior Cruciatum Ligament Reconstruction (ACLR) surgery was used to treat ACL injuries and resulted in a recurrence rate of 94% due to the biomechanically repaired tissue being weaker than the original tissue. The ACL is innervated by posterior articular branches of the tibial nerve and is vascularized by branches of the middle genicular artery.Īnterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injuries are becoming more prevalent in athletes. The complex ultrastructural organization and abundant elastic system of the ACL allow it to withstand multiaxial stresses and varying tensile strains. The ACL has a microstructure of collagen bundles of multiple types (mostly type I) and a matrix made of a network of proteins, glycoproteins, elastic systems, and glycosaminoglycans with multiple functional interactions. They are not isometric with the main change being lengthening of the AMB and shortening of the PLB during flexion. There are two components of the ACL, the anteromedial bundle (AMB) and the posterolateral bundle (PLB).

When the knee is extended, the ACL has a mean length of 32 mm and a width of 7-12 mm. The ACL is a key structure in the knee joint, as it resists anterior tibial translation and rotational loads. Objects drawn in perspective grow smaller as they recede into the horizon.The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a band of dense connective tissue which courses from the femur to the tibia. Perspectives are used by architects and for industrial pictorials of plan layouts, machinery, and other subjects where realism is required. Artists use one-point perspective, two-point (shown here), and three point to create visual depth. Perspective is the most realistic form of drawing.

They are found on prints and are easy to visualize, so let’s look at their differences. As a group, they are called “pictorial drawings”. Since most engineering and architectural prints utilize some form of orthographic projection (multi-view drawing), that type of drawing will be emphasized.īefore going into a study of orthographic projection, you should be able to recognize several other types of drawings. The ability to ”see” technical drawings that is to ”think in three dimensions,” is the most important part of this course. Now that you have learned about the kinds of lines found on prints, the next step is to develop your visualization abilities.

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